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  بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيْمِ A Brief Summary of Quranic Grammar: Sarf and Nahw             خُلَاصةُ الصَّرفِ وَالنَّحْوِ Word & Sentences Grammar Summary      

    Contents Contents . 1   4 Introduction . 5 Chapter 1 – Introduction to Sarf and Nahw Summary . 8 Section 1.1 - How to start Analyzing a Quranic Verse . 8 Section 1.2 - Arabic words ( كَلِمَة ) 13 Section 1.3 - Types of Nouns . 28 a.          The Rigid/Fixed اَلْجَامِدُ . 29 b.          The Source اَلْمَصْدَرُ . 29 c.      The Derivative اَلْمُشْتَقُّ . 30 Section 1.4 - Verbs

  Introduction   In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent and Merciful, and peace and blessings be upon His noble messenger Mohammed S allallahu alaihi wa Sallam.   This book briefly covers the basics of Qur’anic Grammar. It covers the basics of nouns, verbs, and particles. It goes into details of conjunction (additive) Waaw, faa, and other particles, rules, and unique features for sentences, verbs, and preposition combinations. I have also added Top 300 nouns and verbs and most used particles along with analysis of two ayahs of Surah An’aam with Sarf analysis and Nahw charts to show how it is approached.  

    All praise is for Allah SWT the Lord and Sustainer of the Worlds and peace and blessings on the leader of all messengers Mohammed and his ummah, his family, and his companions. M ay Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala guide you fully.   Section 1.1 - How to start Analyzing a Quranic Verse   It is assumed here that you have the knowledge of Arabic words and sentences and the rest of the books will give you a summary of what you need to know which includes knowledge of words and conjugations which is ilm us sarf and sentence construction which is ilm un nahw.  

  Section 1.2 - Arabic words ( كَلِمَة )   All Arabic words ( كَلِمة ) are made up with meaning in two ways:   1) A Single word (مُفْرَد) 2) A Compound word ( مُرَكَّب ).   A single word is called ( كَلِمَةٌ ) or speech. Single words can only be one of the three:   1) Noun اِسْمٌ 2) Verb فِعْلٌ 3) Particle حَرْف  

  Section 1.3 – Nouns   A Noun is either flexible ( مُعْرَب ) or Inflexible ( مَبْنِيٌّ ). Flexible means a noun can have all three states. For example, the word Allah can be Allahu ( اللهُ ), Allaha ( اللهَ ) and Allahi ( اللهِ ).   An inflexible noun ( مَبْنيْ ) means it has only one state to represent Nominative, Accusative, or Genitive. For example, the name Musa, is Musa ( مُوْسٰى ) in Nominative, Musa ( مُوْسٰى ) also in Accusative and Musa ( مُوْسٰى ) again in Genitive.  

  Section 1.4 - Verbs   Note that, unlike the English language, Arabic does not have three tenses (past, present, and future). Instead, it has 1) a past tense called a perfect tense ماضِي and 2) present and future tense combined into one called Imperfect tense مُضارِع . Generally, all verbs are one of the following three major categories.    

  Section 1.5 - Particles حُرُوْفٌ   Particles are of two types:   a)     active Particles حُرُوْفُ الْعَامِلَةِ b)       inactive Particles حُرُوْفٌ غَيْرُ الْعَامِلَةِ .   a.     Active Particles حُرُوْفُ الْعَامِلَةِ   Active particles: when these particles are used before a Noun or a Verb, they change the state to any of the three (Nominative/ accusative/ Genitive) for noun and (Indicative/ Subjunctive/ Jussive) for Verbs.   b.     Particles that give Genitive state to Noun

        Non-Active Particles حُرُوْفُ غَيْرُ الْعَامِلَةِ     Non-active particles do not have any effect on nouns or verbs. These particles are mentioned for classification purposes (being non-active) here. The meanings vary depending upon the usage. Most common are mentioned. More details are given in later pages:   - Particles of Conjunction ( حُرُوْفُ الْعَاطِفَة ) and   اَلْوَاوُ اَلْفَاء ثُمَّ حَتّٰى أَوْ إمَّا أَمْ لَا بَلْ لٰكِنَّ and and then until or or or not Nay But These particles are described in more detail later

   2.0 – Waaw and Faa Conjunction Particles   Section 2.1 - Waaw ( وَ ) Types and Examples   There are many waaw types but the most frequently used waaws in Al-Qur’an are given below.   a.      Waaw of addition/conjunction ( وَاوُ الْعَطْف ): Single word on single, plural word on plural, compound on the compound, sentence on sentence. For example, مُحَمَّدٌ حَاضِرٌ وَعَلِيٌّ غَائبٌ meaning Mohammed is present and Ali is absent.   b.     Waaw ( وَ ) of Resumption/continuation ( اِسْتِئنَافِيَة ): A compound whose first part sentence is not connected by meaning and flexibility to the second one as in ثمَّ قَضَى أجلاً وأجلٌا مُسمّىً from Surah An’aam Ayah 2, meaning “He decided on a time and a time is set”.

   3.0 - O ther Conjunction/Resumption particles   1.      - ثُمَّ Particle of conjunction ( حَرْف تَرَاخِيْ/ بُعْد/عَطْف ) meaning “Then, after that”.   تَرَاخِيْ : slacken, loose بُعْد : following, after عَطْف : Additive   If there is a break or time-out between the action and reaction, you use the particle ( ثُمَّ ). For example, ثُمَّ قَالَ Then (after a break), he said.   2.      - لٰكِنْ حَرْف عَطْف meaning “But”.   3.      Both ( لٰكِنْ ) and ( لٰكِنَّ ) are used as particles for amendment/retraction. Laakin ( لٰكِنْ ) is a conjunctive particle, ( لٰكِنَّ ) laakinna is a verb like a particle. These are active particles that act on nouns just like a verb. Retraction ( إسْتِدْرَاك ) is a subset of laakinna and means Particle of Amendment/ retraction . Like “but/why not” etc.