Section 9.0 - Particles حُرُوْفٌ ( hu-roof-un ) are of two kinds:   -         First kind is the one which does not change the state of the word that comes after it and is called a non-active Particle. -         Second kind is a Particle that causes the word/words after it to change its state to nominative ( رَفْعٌ raf-un ) accusative ( نَصْبٌ nas-bun ). Genitive ( جَرٌّ jar-run ) or jussive ( جَزْمٌ jaz-mun ) / or lightening of e’raab . These are called Active Particles.  

  Section 10.1 –Incomplete Verbs أَفْعَالُ النَّاقِصَةِ af-aal-un naaqi-sa-ti   Incomplete Verbs الأَفْعَاْلُ النَّاْقِصَةُ al- af-aal-un  naaqi-sa-tu or الأَفْعَاْلُ النَّاْسِخَةُ  Al- af-aal-un naasi-qa-tu meaning canceling Verbs are Verbs which give incomplete meaning unless both Actor/Subject Noun فَاعِلٌ fa-i-lun and object Noun مَفْعُوْلٌ maf-oo-lun are specified. This is the reason these are called incomplete Verbs أَفْعَالُ النَّاقِصَةِ . For incomplete Verbs, the Actor/Subject is called Noun of Kana اِسْمُ الْكَانَ is-mul kaana and its object is called the predicate اَلْخَبَرُ al-kha-bar .

    This is a fairly complex and advanced part of the Arabic grammar. Only a few basic rules and explanations will be provided so as to help the reader in understanding why Verbs are sometimes different from their root word.

Basics of Irregular Verbs and Nouns This is a fairly complex and advanced part of the Arabic grammar. Only a few basic rules and explanations will be provided so as to help the reader in understanding why Verbs are sometimes different from their root word.  The first alphabet in the Arabic alphabet, alif , is a weak alphabet that has two forms, a consonant form or hamzah ء  and a vowel form ا (an extended alif ). The vowel form can appear at the middle or the end of words, but never at the beginning.  This regular hamzah at the beginning of a word is called the "disconnecting hamzah   هَمْزَةُ القَطْعِ ham-za-tul qat-'ee . This is often an original alphabet and it must be pronounced always. The other type of hamzah which lacks the sign ء is called the "connecting hamzah" هَمْزَةُ الوَصْلِ ham-za-tul was-li .  

  Section 12.1 - Triliteral Roots with Additional Alphabets اَبْوَابُ الثُّلَاثِيْ مَزِيْدٌ فِيْهِ ab-waa-but thu-laa-thi mazee-dun fee-hi   The forms discussed so far were did not have any additional alphabets. Specifically, we have discussed forms with three alphabet roots which are called bare trilateral roots الأَوْزَاْنُ الثُلَاثِيُّ الْمُجَرَّدَةُ al-aw-zaan-ul mu-jarra-da-tuth thu-laa-thi . They were composed solely of the three root alphabets plus short vowels, which do not count as alphabets. But in Arabic, to convey the meaning more precisely, alphabets are added to trilateral roots. Forms with additional alphabets are called augmented forms الأَوْزَاْنُ الْمَزِيْدَةُ al ma - zeed a-t ul aw-zaa-nu .  

Section 12.3 - Form II. تَفْعِيْلًا taf-ee-lan   Form II is called تَفْعِيْلًا  ( taf-ee-lan ) .   Past tense of this form is فَعَّلَ ( fa'-'a-la ) and imperfect tense is يُفَعِّلُ ( yufa'-'i-loo ) and its source ( Masdar ) is تَفْعِيْلًا taf-'ee-lan . The benefit of this form is that it also changes the meaning of the Verb from normal action to a causative action or in other words from intransitive to transitive. For example, نَزَلَ na-za-la to نَزَّلَ naz-za-la . نَزَلَ na-za-la means to descend/ comedown. When changed to نَزَّلَ naz-za-la , it means to bring down/send down. This is different from form IV in the sense that here the action is not gradual but rather in the meaning of bringing down/sending down all at once.

  Section 12.4 - Form III. مُفَاعَلًةً Mufaa-‘ala   Form III is called مُفَاعَلًةً mufaa-‘ala-tan. Past tense of this form is فَاعَلَ faa-‘ala and imperfect tense is يُفَاعِلُ yufaa-‘ i lu and its source مَصْدَرٌ Masdar is مُفَاعَلًةً mu-faa-'ala-tan . The benefit of this form is that it also changes the meaning of the Verb from normal action to that of being associated in an action which has an Actor/Subject ( فَاعِلٌ faa-'i-lun ) and a object ( مَفْعُوْلٌ maf-'oo-lun ). For example, نَفَقَ na-fa-qa to نَافَقَ naa-fa-qa . نَفَقَ na-fa-qa means to hide/get spent. When changed to نَافَقَ naa-fa-qa , it means to become a hypocrite. This is another form that has been used in Al-Qur’an. The inflections for this are also processed exactly as we did for the trilateral roots as shown in the table below:  

Section 12.5 - Form IV. إِفْعَالًا if-'aalan   The form IV is called إِفْعَالًا  ( If-‘aalan ) .   The numbers of alphabets are always counted in the past tense. Past tense of this form is أَفْعَلَ af-‘a-laa and imperfect tense is يُفْعِلُ yuf-‘i-lu and its source Masdar is إِفْعَالًا if-‘aa-lan .   Note that beginning hamzah here is not a hamzah-tul Wasli ("connecting hamzah ") هَمْزَةُ الْوَصْلِ . It is the ( hamzah-tul  Qat-'ee ) disconnecting hamzah الْقَطْع هَمْزَةُ and is always pronounced.