Sarf and Nahw Summary: 3.0 - Other Conjunction/Resumption particles
3.0 - Other Conjunction/Resumption particles
1. - ثُمَّ Particle of conjunction (حَرْف تَرَاخِيْ/ بُعْد/عَطْف) meaning “Then, after that”.
تَرَاخِيْ: slacken, loose
بُعْد: following, after
عَطْف: Additive
If there is a break or time-out between the action and reaction, you use the particle (ثُمَّ). For example, ثُمَّ قَالَ Then (after a break), he said.
2. - لٰكِنْ حَرْف عَطْف meaning “But”.
3. Both (لٰكِنْ) and (لٰكِنَّ) are used as particles for amendment/retraction. Laakin (لٰكِنْ) is a conjunctive particle, (لٰكِنَّ) laakinna is a verb like a particle. These are active particles that act on nouns just like a verb. Retraction (إسْتِدْرَاك) is a subset of laakinna and means Particle of Amendment/ retraction. Like “but/why not” etc.
أَلَا إِنَّهُمْ هُمُ الْمُفْسِدُونَ وَلَٰكِن لَّا يَشْعُرُونَ
Unquestionably, it is they who are the corrupters, but they perceive [it] not
4. - اَنّٰى حَرْف عَطْف in the meaning of “how, what, where” such as “كَيْفْ/أيْنَ”
For example, Surah أل-Fajr ayah23:
يَوْمَئِذٍ يَتَذَكَّرُ الْإِنسَانُ وَأَنَّىٰ لَهُ الذِّكْرَىٰ
On that day shall man understand, but what will understanding avail him then?
5. أمْ/أوْ- حَرْف عَطْف تَخْيِيْر Particle of choice, the meaning of “or” comes from word إخْتِيَار.
Al-Mulk Ayah 17 (أَمْ example):
أَمْ أَمِنتُم مَّن فِي السَّمَاءِ أَن يُرْسِلَ عَلَيْكُمْ حَاصِبً
Or do you feel secure that He who [holds authority] in the heaven would not send against you a storm of stones?
Surah Al-An’aam Ayah 47 (أَوْ example):
إِنْ أَتَاكُمْ عَذَابُ اللَّهِ بَغْتَةً أَوْجَهْرَةً
if the punishment of Allah should come to you unexpectedly or manifestly
6. اِذْ- Adverb of place/time (حَرْف ظَرْفيَة), “then”
This gives the meaning of past tense (مَاضِيْ)
7. اِذَا- Condition (حَرْف شَرَطيَة), meaning “If”.
Condition particle:when it enters the perfect verb, then it changes it to future meaning.
8. أمّا/الآ- Particle of scolding (حُرُوْف تَنْبِيِه). الآ is used for “caution/careful”, أمّا can be used as Additive or for emphasis “ but, as far as, verily
9. كَلَّا - Particle of Deterrent (حَرْف رَدَع) meaning “definitely not, Nay”. A word for deterrence, rebuke, and denunciation
10. إمّا - Particle of categorization (Bringing out details) (حَرْف تَفْصِيْلِيَة) For example:
إِمَّا شَاكِرٌ وَإِمَّاكَفُوْرة
Whether to be grateful or disbelieving-
(Whether, either, or)
11. أيْ - Particle of explanation (حَرْف تَفْسِيْر) meaning “that is”. Commentary/bringing out the detail.
12. بَلْ - Particle of Change (حَرْف إضْرَاب), yet, Used for changing/re-ordering
13. بَلٰى – Particle of Affirmation: meaning “yes; certainly; indeed; truly; yes”
14. لَوْلَا- Particle of Promotion حَرْف تَحْضِیْض (Why not)
15. (حتّٰى) -This can be Inception Particle (إبْتِدَاء) or Terminal particle (غائية) or Particle of finality. A commonly used example is given below as to how the same particle means with nouns in different states.
Nominative example:
(أكلْت السَّمَكَةَ حتّٰى رَاسُهَا)
I ate the fish and started from its head
Nominative (raasuhaa) as inception particle
Accusative example:
(أكلْتُ السَّمَكَةَ حتّٰى رَاسَهَا)
I ate the fish until I ate even his head
Accusative (raasahaa) as terminal particle
Genitive example
(أكلْتُ السَّمَكَةَ حتّٰى رَاسِهَا)
I ate the fish until I ate even his head
Genitive (raasihaa) as terminal particle
This Particle has been used quite a few times in al-Qur’an. Another Example would be:
At-Tur - Verse 45
فَذَرْهُمْ حَتَّىٰ يُلَاقُوا يَوْمَهُمُ
So, leave them until they meet their Day
(Here, حَتّٰىis in the meaning of a terminal statement)
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