7.7 to 7.14 - Compounds/Prepositions/Negative/Interrogative/(قَدْ qad)/Objects/Passive
Section 7.7 – Compounds in a Verbal Sentence (جُملَةُالْفِعْلِيَةُ jum-la-tul fei'-li-yatu)
Actor/Subject (فَاعِلٌ faa-ilun) and object الْمَفْعُوْلُ (al-maf’oolun) can also be compound words in a Verbal sentence. For example:
1) Mahmoud hit Hamid’s brother:
ضَرَبَ مَحْمُوْدٌ أَخَا حَامِدٍ (dara-ba mah-mudun akh-aa haa-mi-din). Here أَخَا حَامِدٍ is a possessive compound. The translation of brother is (أَخُوْ) in the nominative, (أَخَا) in Accusative نَصْبٌ (nas-bun) and (أَخِيْ) in the genitive. Since the object is always in Accusative نَصْبٌ (nas-bun) state, the Mu-daaf which was Nominative رَفْعٌ (raf-un) in possessive compound (أَخُوْ) was changed to accusative (أَخَا).
2) Hamid’s brother became happy:
فَرِحَ أَخُو حَامِدٍ (fari-ha akhuHami-din). Here أَخُو حَامِدٍ is the possessive compound and is the actor. Note that this is in Nominative رَفْعٌ (raf-un) state.
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Section 7.8 – Prepositions in a Verbal Sentence جُملةُ الْفِعْلِيَةُ jum-la-tul fei-li-ya
When a preposition (حَرْفُ الجَرِّ har-ful jarri) is used in a Verb sentence, it changes the meaning and there are no fixed rules for this. You will learn the usage by reading and speaking the language. For example,
1) وَالصَلَوٰةِ بِالصَّبْرِ وَاسْتَعِيْنُوْا was-ta-yee-nu bis-sab-ri was-salati meaning “And seek help through patience and the prayer.”
2) ذَهَبَ اللهُ بِنُوْرِهِمْ dha-hab-Allahu bi-noo-ri-himmeaning “Allah took away their sight”. Note that (ذَهَبَ dh-ha-ba) means he went but when used with a preposition (بِ) in the object, it took the meaning of took away.
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Section 7.9 – Negative (نَفِيٌّنَافِيَةٌ/ nafee-yun/naa-fi-ya-tun) Verbal Sentence
To create a negative sentence in the past tense, the Particle (مَاmaa) is added. For example, مَا شَرِبَ maa shari-ba means he did not drink.
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Section 7.10 – Interrogative (اِسْتِفْهَامِيَةٌ is-tef-haa-mi-ya-tun) Verbal Sentence
All the interrogative Particles described before in Noun chapters can be utilized to change a Verb sentence into an interrogative sentence. For example:
1) لِمَ ضَرَبْتَ زَيْدًا (li-madarab-ta Zaidan) meaning why did you hit Zaid?
2) هَلْ تَشْرَبُ الْمَاءُ (hulltash-ra-bul maa-u) meaning are you drinking water?
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Section 7.11 – Use of (قَدْ qad) in a Verbal Sentence
When the Particle (قَدْ qad) is added in front of the Verb, there are two meanings that are possible:
1) It provides emphasis on the action. For example (قَدْ أَفْلَحَ qad-afla-ha) means he definitely found success. Also, often times alphabet ل called لَامُ التَّاكِيْدِ (laa-mut-taa-keedi) mean alphabet lam of emphasis is added to further stress the point as in (لَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْاِنْسَانَ la-qadkha-laq-nal insaa-na) meaning “We certainly created man” with double emphasis on “certainly” which is not easily translated and sometimes al-Qur’an uses multiple emphasis words which are impossible to translate in other languages.
2) It may also describe the near past as in:
قَدْ قَامَتِ الصَّلَاةَ qad qaa-mati-salaa-ta which means prayer group has stood up.
Section 7.12 – Convert Verbal Sentence (جُملةُالْفِعْلِيَةُ jum-la-tul fei-liya-tu) to a Nominal Sentence (جُملةُ الْاِسْمِيَةُ jum-la-tul is-mi-ya-tu)
Sometimes, a Verbal sentence needs to be converted into a nominal sentence (for example for the purpose of using emphasis by اِنَّ inna or ل lam of emphasis which are used in nominative sentences). Depending upon whether the فَاعِلٌ faa-'i-lun (actor) is explicit (mentioned) or implicit (hidden) there are two different ways:
1) If the Actor/Subject is mentioned مَذْكُوْرٌ maz-koor then, it is pulled in front as in خَرَجَ مُوْسٰى (kha-ra-ja Musa) can be خَرَجَ مُوْسٰى(Musa kh-ra-ja).
2) If the Actor/Subject is implicit, then the pronoun hidden in it is pulled ahead. Since all 14 inflections of a Verb have implicit pronouns, this rule applies to them as shown below in Table 40:
Table 40 – pronoun as Object Example
| Verbal sentence | Nominative sentence | Meaning |
| فَعَلَ
Fa-'ala | هُوَ فَعَلَ
Hua fa-'ala | He did |
| فَعَلَا
Fa-'alaa | هُمَا فَعَلَا
Hu-ma fa-'alaa | They both males did |
| فَعَلُوْا
Fa-'a-loo | هُم فَعَلُوْا
Hum Fa-'a-loo | All males did |
| فَعَلَتْ
Fa-'alat | هِيَ فَعَلَتْ
Hi-ya Fa-'alat | she did |
| فَعَلَتَا
Fa-'ala-taa | هُمَا فَعَلَتَا
Hu-maa Fa-'ala-taa | They both females did |
| فَعلْنَ
Fa-'al-na | هُنَّ فَعلْنَ
Hun-na Fa-'al-na | They all females did |
| فَعَلْتَ
Fa-'al-ta | اَنْتَ فَعَلْتَ
An-ta Fa-'al-ta | You male did |
| فَعَلْتُمَا
Fa-'al-tu-maa | اَنْتُمَا فَعَلْتُمَا
An-tu-maa Fa-'al-tu-maa | You both males did |
| فَعَلْتُمْ
Fa-'al-tum | اَنْتُم فَعَلْتُمْ
An-tum Fa-'al-tum | You all males did |
| فَعَلْتِ
Fa-'al-ti | اَنْتِ فَعَلْتِ
An-ti Fa-'al-ti | You female did |
| فَعَلْتُمَا
Fa-'al-tu-ma | اَنْتُمَا فَعَلْتُمَا
An-tu-maa Fa-'al-tu-maa | You both females did |
| فَعَلْتُنَّ
Fa-'al-tun-na | اَنْتُنَّ فَعَلْتُنَّ
An-tun-na Fa-'al-tun-naa | You all females did |
| فَعَلْتُ
Fa-al-tu | اَنَا فَعَلْتُ
Anaa Fa-al-tu | I (male/female) did |
| فَعَلْنَا
fa-al-naa | نَحْنُ فَعَلْنَا
Nah-nu fa-al-naa | We (male/female/dual/ plural) did |
Now since اِنَّ in-na is never used in front of a Verb, a Verbal sentence can be converted to a nominative sentence and اِنَّ in-na is added as in:
خَلَقَ اللهُ الاَرْضَ khalaq-Allah-ularda
(Allah created the earth) - Verbal sentence
خَلَقَ الاَرْضَ اللهُAllahukha-la-qal ar-da
(Allah created the earth) - nominal sentence
خَلَقُ الاَرْضَاللهَاِنَّ in-nal-lahakha-la-qul arda
(verily Allah created the earth) - nominal sentence with emphasis
Note that emphasis can be achieved in a Verbal sentence in other was by using other Particles such as قَدْ qadand ل (called lam of emphasis) which was covered earlier.
Section 7.13 – Types of Objects أَقْسْاْمُ الْمَفْعُوْلِ
Actor/Subject فَاعِلٌ Fai-lun is a Noun which occurs after a Verb and is associated with the meaning of the Act/Verb (فِعْلٌ fei-lun) and it stands as a subject/actor (مُسْنَدٌ إِلَيْهِ mus-na-dun ilia-hi) for the Verb (فِعْلٌ fei-lun). For example, “زَيْدٌ” Zai-dun in ضَرَبَ زَيْدٌ da-ra-ba Zai-dun meaning Zaid hit.
The object which is called an اَلْمَفْعُوْلُ al-maf’oolu is the the person or thing on which action is happening. This could be an action on, action for or action with the person or thing which we are calling here a object. There are several kinds of objects as described below.
Absolute Object اَلْمَفْعُوْلُ الْمُطْلَقُ al-maf’ool ul mut-la-qu: This uses a Verbal Source مَصْدَرٌ mas-da-run for the Verb which was used earlier in the sentence and with the same meaning. For example, “ضَرْبًا” dar-ban in ضَرَبْتُ ضَرْبًا da-rab-tu dar-ban meaning “I hit him as he should be hit” or “I hit him a lot”. Or “قَيَامًا” qayaa-man in قُمْتُ قَيَامًا qum-tuqayaa-man meaning “I stood as one should stand or properly”.
Adverb of Time or Place اَلْمَفْعُوْلُ فِيْهِ al-maf’ool-ul fee-hi: This is a Noun for a situation, place or time which the action associated with a Verb occurs. It is sometimes called ظَرْفٌ zar-fun and has two kinds:
1) ظَرْفُ زَمَانٍ zar-fu za-maa-nin or adverb of time: As in “يَوْمَ” yaw-ma in
صُمْتُ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ sum-tu yaw-mal jum-a-ti meaning “I fasted on Friday”.
2) ظَرْفُ مَكَانٍ zar-fu makaa-nin or adverb of place: As in “عِنْدَ” in-da in
جَلَسْتُ عِنْدَكَ jalas-tu in-da-ka meaning “I sat near you/next to you”.
Comitative Object اَلْمَفْعُوْلُ مَعَهٗ al-maf'ool-u ma-'a-hoo: This Noun happens after letter (و) where it is for the meaning of “مَعَ” ma-a (with) and it joins the Actor/Subject فَاعِلٌ faa-'i-lun in its action. For example, “وَالْجُبَّاتِ” wal-jub-baati in the sentence:
الْجُبَّاتِ وَ الْبَرْدُ جَاءَ jaa-'al bar-du wal-jub-baati meaning “cold came with warm coats”. Kasrah comes in the word اَلْجُبَّاتِ al-jub-baati and it is Sound Feminine Plural and it is Accusative nas-bun by Kasrah or you may say جَاءَ الْبَرْدُ وَالْجُبَّةَ jaa-al bar-du wal-jub-ba-ti, (وَ wa) with the meaning of مَعَ ma-a “with” and this makes it easier to understand for a beginner
Adverb of Purpose اَلْمَفْعُوْلُ لهٗ al-maf-ulu la-hu: This is the reason why the action of the Verb is happening. For example, “إِكْرَامًا” ik-raa-man in قُمْتُ إكْرَامًا لِزَيْدٍ qum-tuikraa-man li-Zai-din meaning “I stood up to show respect for Zaid”.
The object of a Verb اَلْمَفْعُوْلُ بِهٖ al-maf-'ool-u be-he: This is a Noun on which act اَلْفِعْلُ al-fei'-lu of the Actor/Subject فَاعِلٌ faa-i-lun occurs. For example, ضَرَبَ زَيْدٌ عَمْرًا da-ra-ba Zai-dun am-ran meaning “Zaid hit Amr”.
Section 7.14 – Passive Voice Past Tense Verb
(مَجْهُوْلٌ مَاضِيْ)
maa-di maj-hoo-lun
As described elsewhere before, an active Verb فِعْلُ اللَّاَزِمِ (feil-ul laa-zimi) always requires an Actor/Subject فَاعِلٌ faa-ilun to complete a sentence. These actors can be explicit Nouns or their pronouns, or implicit in the Verb itself. For example, in ضَرَبَ زَيْدٌ da-ra-ba Zaid-un meaning Zaid hit, زَيْدٌ Zai-dun is the Actor/Subject and is in Nominative رَفْعٌ (raf-un) state. Or, in ضَرَبْتُ da-rab-tu meaning I hit, the pronoun I is hidden in تُ tu.
If only ضَرَبَ da-ra-ba is used, it means he hit and the pronoun “he” is hidden in the Verb ضَرَبَ da-ra-ba. Also, some intransitive Verbs فِعْلُ اللَّاَزِمِ feil-ul laa-zi-mi require one or more objects مَفعُوْلٌ maf’oolun. The Actor/Subject is always in a Nominative رَفْعٌ (raf-un) state and the object are always in an Accusative نَصْبٌ (nas-bun) state. To understand the meaning of an Arabic sentence, we need to look for the state of the Nouns.
In some sentences, the Actor/Subject is not mentioned for several reasons and this Verb is called a passive voice Verb مَجْهُوْلٌ مَاضِيْ
maa-di maj-hoo-lun. In the above example, we can say Hamid was hit. Here, there is no Actor/Subject mentioned and it is considered to be skipped or not mentioned مَحْذُوْفٌ (mah-zoo-fun). We can say ضَرَبَ زَيْدٌ حَامِدًا da-ra-ba Zai-dun-haa-mi-dan which means Zaid hit Hamid. Now, if we wanted to say Hamid was hit, we would say ضُرِبَ حَامِدٌ. Note that ضَرَبَ da-ra-baactive Verb (feilul ma-roofi) became ضُرِبَ du-ri-ba passive Verb (feilul maj-hooli) and حَامِدٌ haa-mi-dun is still in the nominative. Since Nominative رَفْعٌ (raf-'un) state is given normally to the actor, and in a passive Verb object is also given Nominative رَفْعٌ (raf-'un) state to the object, it is called nai-bul faa-ili (surrogate actor).
Note that passive Verb only comes from فِعْلُ الَّاَزِمِ intransitive Verb (feil-ul laa-zi-mi) since intransitive Verb requires an object (maf’ool).
For a past tense active Verb (feil-ulmaa-di ma’roof). it is easy to make a passive Verb (feil-ulmaa-di majhool). This is done by changing the Verb from its active form (ma’roof) to a passive (majhool) die as in from فَعَلَ to فُعِلَ. Some examples follow in Table 41:
Table 41 - Active (ma’roof) to Passive (majhool) Examples
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