7.8-14 – Passive Voice Past Tense Verb ( مَاضِيْ مَجْهُوْلٌ)
Section 7.14 – Passive Voice Past Tense Verb
(مَجْهُوْلٌ مَاضِيْ)
maa-di maj-hoo-lun
As described elsewhere before, an active Verb فِعْلُ اللَّاَزِمِ (fe'il-ul laa-zimi) always requires an Actor/Subject فَاعِلٌ faa-'ilun to complete a sentence. These actors can be explicit Nouns or their pronouns, or implicit in the Verb itself. For example, in ضَرَبَ زَيْدٌ da-ra-ba Zaid-un meaning Zaid hit, زَيْدٌ Zai-dun is the Actor/Subject and is in Nominative رَفْعٌ (raf-un) state. Or, in ضَرَبْتُ da-rab-tu meaning I hit, the pronoun I is hidden in تُ tu.
If only ضَرَبَ da-ra-ba is used, it means he hit and the pronoun “he” is hidden in the Verb ضَرَبَ da-ra-ba. Also, some intransitive Verbs فِعْلُ اللَّاَزِمِ feil-ul laa-zi-mi require one or more objects مَفعُوْلٌ maf’oolun. The Actor/Subject is always in a Nominative رَفْعٌ (raf-'un) state and the object is always in an Accusative نَصْبٌ (nas-bun) state. To understand the meaning of an Arabic sentence, we need to look for the state of the Nouns.
In some sentences, the Actor/Subject is not mentioned for several reasons and this Verb is called a passive voice Verb مَجْهُوْلٌ مَاضِيْ
maa-di maj-hoo-lun. In the above example, we can say Hamid was hit. Here, there is no Actor/Subject mentioned and it is considered to be skipped or not mentioned مَحْذُوْفٌ (mah-zoo-fun). We can say ضَرَبَ زَيْدٌ حَامِدًا da-ra-ba Zai-dun-haa-mi-dan which means Zaid hit Hamid. Now, if we wanted to say Hamid was hit, we would say ضُرِبَ حَامِدٌ. Note that ضَرَبَ da-ra-ba active Verb (fe'ilul ma-roofi) became ضُرِبَ du-ri-ba passive Verb (fe'ilul maj-hooli) and حَامِدٌ haa-mi-dun is still in the nominative. Since Nominative رَفْعٌ(raf-un) state is given normally to the actor, and in a passive Verb object is also given Nominative رَفْعٌ (raf-'un) state to the object, it is called nai-bul faa-'ili (surrogate actor).
Note that passive Verb only comes from فِعْلُ الَّاَزِمِ intransitive Verb (fe'il-ul laa-zi-mi) since intransitive Verb requires an object (maf’ool).
For a past tense active Verb (fe'il-ul maa-di ma’roof). it is easy to make a passive Verb (fe'il-ul maa-di majhool). This is done by changing the Verb from its active form (ma’roof) to a passive (majhool) die as in from فَعَلَ to فُعِلَ. Some examples follow in Table 41:
Table 41 - Active (ma’roof) to Passive (majhool) Examples
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