Nahw Meer English: 5.0 - The flexibility of an Imperfect Tense إِعْرَابُ الْمُضَارِعِ
5.0 - The flexibility of an Imperfect Tense
إِعْرَابُ الْمُضَارِعِ
A Verb can have only three statuses:
Nominative رَفْعٌ, Accusative نَصْبٌ, and Jussiveجَزَمٌ . The Jussive particle when explicit has a jazm also called a sukoon (ْ) on the last letter.
And Imperfect Present/Future Tense is divided into four types based on flexibility:
1)Sound Empty Verb الصَّحِيْحِ الْمُجَرَّدِ فِعْلُ: It is for Nominative رَفْعٌ empty of Seen/VisiblePronouns
الْبَارِزَةِضَمَائرُ for Dual and Masculine Plural Absent غَائِبٌ, Masculine Plural Present حَاضِرٌ, and Speaker مُتَكَلِّمٌ Pronoun. It is given Nominative رَفْعٌ Status by Dammah, Accusative نَصْبٌ by Fathah, and Jussiveجَزَمٌ with Sukoon (ْ) as in يَضْرِبُ هُوَ, يَضْرِبَ لَنْ and لَمْ يَضْرِبْ meaning, respectively, from left “he hits/will hit”, “he definitely will not hit” and “he did not hit”.
2)Single Weak Verb with the letter (و) –
الْوَاوِيْ الْمُفْرَدِالْمُعْتَلِّ فِعْلُ: As in يَغْزُوْ means “he is going to war/will go to war” and Single Weak Verb with (ي) - الْيَائِييْ الْمُعْتَلِّ الْمُفْرَدِ فِعْلُ as in يَرْمِيْ meaning “he shoots arrows/throws” or “will shoot arrows/will throw”. These two are given Nominative رَفْعٌ status by Implicit Dammah, Accusative نَصْبٌ status by explicit Fathah, and Jussive جَزَمٌ status by removing (ل) position letter[1]that is (و) or (ي) as in هُوَ يَغْزُو and هُوَ يَرْمِيَ meaning “he is going to/will go to war” and “he is going to shoot arrows/will shoot arrows”, لَنْ يَغْزُوَ and لَنْ يَرْمِيَ meaning “he is not going to/will not go to war” and “he is not going to/will not shoot arrows”, and لَمْ يَغْزُand لَمْ يَرْمِ meaning “he did not shoot arrows” and “he did not go to war”.
3)Single Weak Verb with the letter (ا) اَلْفِعْلُ الْمُفْرَدُ الْمُعْتَلُّ الْأَلِفِيْ [2]: As inيَرْضٰى . This is given Nominative رَفْعٌ status by Implicit Dammah ضَمَّةُ الْمُقَدَّرَةِ, Accusative نَصْبٌ by Implicit Fathah الْمُقَدَّرَةُ اَلْفَتْحَةُ and Jussive جَزَمٌ by eliminating (ل) position letter as in يَرْضٰى هُوَ meaning “he is agreeing/will agree”, يَرْضٰى لَنْ meaning “he is not agreeing/will not agree”, and لَمْ يَرْضُ meaning “he did not agree”.
4)Sound اَلصَّحِيْحُ or Weak اَلْمُعْتَلُّ with Pronouns and previously mentioned two (ن) [3]: These are made Nominative رَفْعٌ by keeping the (ن) as shown below in the table:
Table 8– Sound and Weak Verbs in Nominative رَفْعٌ
| Masculine/ Feminine Dual Absent | هُمَا يَضْرِبَانِ | Those two are hitting/ will hit | هُمَا يَغْزُوَانِ | Those two are going to/will go to war | هُمَا يَرْمِيَانِ | Those two are shooting/ will shoot arrows | هُمَا يَرْضَيَانِ | Those two are agreeing/ will agree |
| Masculine Plural Absent | هُمْ يَضْرِبُوْنَ | they are hitting/ will hit | هُمْ يَغْزُوْنَ | they are /will go to war | هُمْ يَرْمُوْنَ | they are/will shoot arrows | هُمْ يَرْضَوْنَ | they are agreeing/ will agree |
| Single Feminine Present | أَنْتِ تَضْرِبِيْنَ | You female are hitting/ will hit | أنْتِ تَغْزِيْنَ | You females are going to/will go to war | أنْتِ تَرْمِيْنَ | you female shooting/ will shoot arrows | أنْتِ تَرْضَيْنَ | you female agreeing/ will agree |
And Accusative نَصْبٌ and Jussive جَزَمٌ status are given by eliminating letter (ن) and as shown in Tables 9 and 10:
Table 9 - Sound and Weak Verbs in Accusative نَصْبٌ
| Masculine Dual Accusative Absent | لَنْ يَضْرِبَا | Those two are hitting/will hit | لَنْ يَغْزُوَا | Those two are going to/will go to war | لَنْ يَرْمِيَا | Those two are shooting/will shoot arrows | لَنْ يَرْضَيَا | Those two are agreeing/will agree |
| Masculine Plural Accusative Absent | لَنْ يَضْرِبُوْا | You, males, are hitting/will hit | لَنْ يَغْزُوْا | you males are going to/ will go to war | لَنْ يَرْمُوْا | You, males, are shooting/will shoot arrows | لَنْ يَرْضَوْا | You, males, are agreeing/will agree |
| Masculine Dual Jussive جَزَمٌ Absent | لَمْ يَضْرِبَا | Those two males did not hit | لَمْ يَغْزُوَا | Those two males did not hit | لَمْ يَرْمِيَا | Those two males did not hit | لَمْ يَرْضَيَا | Those two males did not agree |
Table 10- Sound and Weak Verbs in Jussive جَزَمٌ
| Masculine Dual Jussive جَزَمٌ Absent | لَمْ يَضْرِبَا | Those two males did not hit | لَمْ يَغْزُوَا | Those two males did not hit | لَمْ يَرْمِيَا | Those two males did not hit | لَمْ يَرْضَيَا | Those two males did not agree |
| Masculine Plural Jussive جَزَمٌ Absent | لَمْ يَضْرِبُوْا | They did not hit | لَمْ يَغْزُوْا | They did not go to war | لَمْ يَرْمُوْا | They did not shoot arrows | لَمْ يَرْضَوْا | They did not agree |
| Single Feminine Jussive جَزَمٌ Present | لَمْ تَضْرِبِىيْ | She did not hit | لَمْ تَغْزِيْ | She did not go to war | لَمْ تَرْمِيْ | She did not shoot arrows | لَمْ تَرْضَيْ | She did not agree |
[1] This is eliminating alphabet (و) in (وَاوِي) and eliminating alphabet (ي) in يَائِيْ. Position alphabets always refer to and are based on 3 alphabet root word فعل. First alphabet of any three-alphabet word is called as(ف) location, second as(ع) location and third as(ل) location.
[2] Weak Alifi for Nahvis is one which happens at the end in which (و) or (ي) have been changed to (ا) and this is especially true in Imperfect Tense (مُضَارِعٌ). And for Sarfis أَهْلُ الصَّرْفِ there is no الْمُعْتَلُّ الْأَلِفِيْ with (ا) because it is used to replace alphabet (و) or alphabet (ي).
[3] I mean (ن) that is explicit (بَارِزٌ) for dual in plural masculine and single present feminine.
